Nature and causation of disease
Disease or dis – ease
Aetiology
endogenous – arising within the organism
exogenous – originating outside the organism
Genetic
Congenital disorders
Deficiency
Teratogenic
Infections
Rhesus incompatibility
Exogenous disease
Mechanical causes
temperature
radiation
atmospheric pressure
electricity
Chemical causes
Effects may be local or systemic
Acids and alkalines
Heavy metals
Air pollution
Water/food pollution
Special areas of body, e.g. eye, mouth
Medicines as poisons
Intoxication
Auto-intoxication, eg renal failure
Malnutrition
Shortage, surplus
unbalanced diet
combinations of these factors
Biological causes
An infectious disease meets Koch`s postulates
Diseases caused by pathogenic micro-organisms
bacteria
fungi
virus
protozoa
mycoplasm
metazoans
prions
Vascular causes
Macrovascular, Microvascular
Atherosclerosis, Arteriosclerosis
Arteriolosclerosis
Ischaemic heart disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Allergy and hypersensivity
Antigen – antibody reaction
Allergens may take many forms
Asthma, Local allergy
Systemic allergy
Autoimmunity
A specific body tissue is attacked by the immune system
Diabetes mellitus type 1
Myasthenia gravis, Rheumatoid disease
Neoplasm
An abnormal (new) mass of tissue
A tumour
Cancer is a malignant neoplasm
Tumours may be benign
Causes of cancer;
ionising radiation
carcinogenic chemicals
oncogenic viruses
oncogenes
Degenerative causes
Wear and tear
Accumulation of unwanted material
Psychiatric problems
Functional
Organic
May be psychotic or neurotic
Psychosomatic disorders.
Interaction of factors in terms of the whole person.
Psychosomatic
Mind affects the body
Iatrogenic
Caused by medical treatments
Idiopathic
Primary disease
Terms
Aetiology
Aneurysm
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclorosis
Carcinogenic
Delusion
Embolism
Haematemesis
Haematuria
Hallucination
Iatrogenic
Illusion
Inflammation
Infarction
Ischaemia
Multifactorial aetiology
Necrosis
Pathogenic micro-organism
Pathogenesis
Sclerosis
Shock
Thrombosis
Identify aetiological factors for the following diseases.
Pneumonia
Haemophilia
Blue-green colour blindness
Sickle cell anaemia
Pernicious anaemia
Down’s syndrome
Chronic obstructive airway disease
Malignant melanoma
Obesity
Amphetamine psychosis
Intermittent Claudication
Cerebral thrombosis
Myocardial infarction
Athlete’s foot (tinea pedus)
Amoebic dysentery
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